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What soil do I need to raise a plot?

Use mineral fill soil — sandy or gravelly ("fill soil"). It compacts well and drains water. Don't use topsoil for raising: it is more expensive and settles over time. Avoid clay (holds water) and soil mixed with construction waste. Put a topsoil layer only on top, where the lawn or garden will be.

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How thick should the topsoil be before sowing a lawn?

Usually 10–15 cm. Screened topsoil (no stones or roots) is best for a lawn. Level and compact the base first, then spread the topsoil and roll it lightly. For a vegetable garden or flower beds — 20–30 cm.

How much soil will I need?

Area (m²) × layer thickness (m) = cubic metres (m³). E.g. raising 1,000 m² by 30 cm: 1,000 × 0.3 = 300 m³. Soil compacts, so add about 15–25%. The easiest way is the TeraLoads quantity calculator: enter the area and thickness and it shows cubic metres, tonnes and the number of dump trucks.

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How much fits in one dump truck?

A three-axle dump truck usually carries about 14 m³ or up to ~20 t (whichever limit comes first); a four-axle one carries more. Heavy materials (gravel, crushed stone) are limited by weight, light ones (topsoil) by volume. Confirm the exact load with the haulier.

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What is the difference between screened and unscreened topsoil?

Screened topsoil has been sieved — no stones, roots or clods; good for lawns, flower beds and gardens. Unscreened is cheaper but has impurities; fine for lower layers or where the surface does not matter.

Does the soil need to be compacted?

Yes. Spread it in 20–30 cm layers and compact each one with a roller or plate compactor. Uncompacted soil settles later — you get dips, and paving or a driveway starts to warp.

What base does a driveway or yard need?

After removing turf and soft soil, a geotextile is usually laid, then 20–30 cm of gravel or crushed stone (e.g. 0/32–0/56), all well compacted. For heavy vehicles the layer is thicker. Cheaper alternatives are crushed concrete or milled asphalt (check whether they may be used at your location).

What goes under paving stones?

For a footpath — about 15–20 cm of compacted crushed stone or gravel; for cars — 25–35 cm. On top, a 3–5 cm bedding layer of screenings or sand, then the paving. In a narrow yard a skid steer (bobcat) is handy.

What machinery do I need to level a plot?

For a small plot and lawn — a skid steer (bobcat) or a mini excavator with a grading bucket. For a large area — a bulldozer or a bigger excavator. For compaction — a roller or plate compactor. To bring or take away soil — a dump truck.

How do I dig a pond?

You need an excavator (a mini excavator for a small pond). The excavated soil can be used on the same plot to raise low spots; if there is too much, order a dump truck to take it away. Before digging, find out whether a permit is needed and where underground utilities run.

Where do I put excavated soil or construction waste?

Clean soil is often taken for free — look for "Accepting soil" listings or post your own "Giving away soil". Take construction waste (concrete, bricks, asphalt) to acceptance sites — you will find them on the map ("Layers" button).